Finance

Finance#

The normix.finance subpackage turns a fitted mixture into portfolio analytics. Because a normal variance-mean mixture is conditionally Gaussian given the latent \(Y\), portfolio quantities — their gradients and Hessians — are computed by quadrature over \(Y\), with the conditional normal integrated exactly.

Portfolio projection#

Any linear combination \(w^\top X\) of a mixture’s assets is again a univariate member of the same family, with parameters available in closed form. No re-fitting is needed:

proj = model.project(w)                # a Univariate* distribution of wᵀX
proj.mean(); proj.std()
proj.ppf(0.05)                         # 5% quantile (a VaR level)

This makes it cheap to evaluate many candidate weightings against one fitted model. See A multivariate stock basket.

Tail risk: VaR and CVaR#

CVaR(alpha) computes Value-at-Risk and Conditional Value-at-Risk at tail probability alpha:

from normix.finance import CVaR

cvar = CVaR(0.05)                       # 5% tail probability
var_95 = cvar.var(proj)                 # deterministic quantile
cvar_95 = cvar.value(proj)

The default uses 512 weighted nodes. Supply a sample or a weighted measure in the same positional slot to choose another scenario set:

from normix.finance import DiscreteMeasure

Y = proj.subordinator().rvs(20_000, seed=0)
mc = cvar.value(proj, Y)
Q = proj.subordinator().quadrature(1024)
value = cvar.value(proj, Q)
resolution = cvar.step_resolution(proj, Q)
Q_hist = DiscreteMeasure.from_weights(Y, historical_weights)

The resolution diagnostic is a heuristic. Small values call for more nodes; finite-moment requirements remain separate. See Quadrature scenarios for portfolio CVaR and Probability measures for portfolio scenarios.

Differentiable risk#

The payoff for the exponential-family structure is analytic risk sensitivities, in both the projected scalar parametrization and the portfolio weights:

cvar.gradient_scalar(proj)   # ∂CVaR/∂(μ̃, γ̃, σ̃)
cvar.hessian_scalar(proj)    # 3×3 Hessian
cvar.gradient_w(model, w)
cvar.hessian_w(model, w)

These are checked against finite differences and can be used in gradient- or Newton-based portfolio optimizers. The WeightFunctional helper bundles a risk measure, model, and a fixed scenario measure into a callable with .grad and .hess. See Portfolio CVaR and its derivatives for verification and a worked CVaR-reduction loop.

Mean-risk optimization#

MeanRiskProblem solves the mean-risk problem \(\min_w \rho(w^\top X)\) s.t. \(w^\top e = 1,\, E[w^\top X] \ge m\) by exploiting the normal-mixture reduction to two coordinates \((\tilde\mu, \tilde\gamma) = (w^\top\mu, w^\top\gamma)\):

from normix.finance import MeanRiskProblem, CVaR

prob = MeanRiskProblem(model, CVaR(0.05))

prob.weights(mu_t, gamma_t)        # min-dispersion weights for a target (μ̃, γ̃)
prob.min_dispersion_point()        # reduced coords of the global min-dispersion portfolio

surface = prob.efficient_surface(mu_grid, gamma_grid)
frontier = prob.efficient_frontier(targets, gamma_bounds=(lo, hi))
frontier.weights                   # realised portfolio weights along the frontier

The efficient_surface is the convex surface of Shi2016 (Fig. 8); the efficient_frontier is the classical risk–return frontier of Fig. 9: it minimizes risk at each target expected return. See Mean-risk optimization and the efficient surface for a worked replication across all four mixture families.

Transaction costs#

An \(\ell_1\) turnover penalty breaks the two-dimensional reduction, so rebalancing with costs uses a local quadratic program at the current portfolio \(w_0\):

import jax.numpy as jnp
from normix.finance import TransactionCostProblem, CVaR

tc = TransactionCostProblem(model, CVaR(0.05), c1=5.0, c2=5e-2)
A = -jnp.eye(model.d)              # optional long-only
result = tc.solve(w0, A=A, b=jnp.zeros(model.d))

result.weights                     # w* (or w0 if the approx. gain is ≤ 0)
result.turnover                    # ‖w* − w0‖₁
result.qp.m_tilde, result.qp.H_tilde   # theory matrices for an external QP

The risk measure is unchanged — only gradient_w / hessian_w at \(w_0\) enter the QP. See Transaction costs and local-quadratic rebalancing.

Scaling to many assets#

At portfolio scale the factor mixtures replace a dense covariance with \(\Sigma = F F^\top + \operatorname{diag}(D)\), cutting covariance parameters from \(O(d^2)\) to \(O(d r)\) and routing every solve through the Woodbury identity. The GH tail behaviour is retained. See Factor mixtures for a Dow Jones 30 portfolio.